Western diets pose a higher risk of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) and colorectal cancer, according to a landmark review of global eating habits. The study examined six prevalent diets to understand their impact on the gut microbiome—the community of microorganisms in our intestines—and how changes in this microbiome affect overall health. Conducted by APC Microbiome Ireland (APC), a renowned SFI Research Centre at University College Cork (UCC) and Teagasc, the review was published in the prestigious journal Nature Reviews Microbiology.
Led by Prof. Catherine Stanton, an APC PI and senior principal Research Officer at Teagasc, the study analyzed Mediterranean, high-fibre, plant-based, high-protein, ketogenic, and Western diets. The comprehensive review reveals how different diets significantly alter the composition and functionality of the gut microbiome, emphasizing the production of essential molecules like short-chain fatty acids produced during metabolism.
The review underscores the detrimental effects of the Western diet, characterized by high fat and sugar intake, compared to the benefits of diets rich in plant-based and high-fibre foods. In contrast, a Mediterranean diet, high in fruits and vegetables, is effective in managing conditions such as cardiovascular disease, IBD, and type 2 diabetes.
Prof. Stanton stated, “Our review highlights the profound impact of different diets on the gut microbiome. This understanding is crucial for developing dietary recommendations that promote health and prevent disease. It’s fascinating to see how dietary choices can influence the balance of microorganisms in our gut and their metabolic functions.”
The review offers valuable insights for the food industry and healthcare professionals, guiding them in making informed decisions about diet and health. The detailed analysis of how different diets affect the microbiome provides a foundation for developing targeted nutritional therapies and improving public health outcomes.
Prof. Paul Ross, Director of APC Microbiome Ireland and co-director of UCC Futures Microbiome and Health, added, “This review is a significant milestone in microbiome research. It provides a detailed look at how dietary patterns shape the gut microbiome and underscores the potential for diet-based interventions in clinical practice. It provides tangible data on how the microbiome is intrinsically relevant to creating health benefits for society.”
The review also emphasizes the need for exhaustive studies to better understand the causal relationships between individuals, their diet, and microorganisms. This understanding is vital for advancing precision nutrition and developing microbiome-based therapies tailored to individual health needs.
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